HYDRO PROJECT REPORT(THEORY ONLY)?

ABSTRACT

PAKISTAN is passing through serious energy crisis for a long time ,hydro share is less  towards generation side but controversially hydro energy can fulfill energy requirements wonderfully to do so there is need to be not selfished and proper management. Hydro power plants  convert potential energy of water into electricity. It is a clean source of energy. The water after generating electrical power is available for irrigation and other purposes. The first use of moving water to produce electricity was a waterwheel on the Fox River in Wisconsin in 1882. In this mini hydro power plant we produced electricity with the help of water which moves the TURBINE coupled with generator  to produce electricity

INTRODUCTION                            

Hydropower of recent era is an extremely flexible technology for power generation. Hydro reservoirs provide built-in energy storage, and the fast response time of hydropower enables it to be used to optimise electricity production across grids, meeting sudden fluctuations in demands.

However, large scale hydropower projects can be controversial because they affect water availability down stream, inundate valuable ecosystems and may require the relocations of populations. Despite being a mature technology, in comparison with other renewable energy sources, hydropower has still a significant potential. New plants can be developed and old ones upgraded, especially in terms of increasing efficiency and electricity production as well as environmental performance. In particular, the development of low-head or very low-head small hydro plants holds much promise.

A Small Hydro Power Plant (SHP) is not simply a reduced version of a large hydro plant. Small hydro plants generate electricity or mechanical power by converting the power available in flowing waters in rivers, canals and streams with a certain fall (termed the ‘head’) into electric energy at the lower end of the scheme, where the powerhouse is located. The power of the scheme is proportional to the flow and to the head. Small hydropower schemes are mainly run off-river with no need to create a reservoir. Because of this fact, small hydropower systems can be considered an environmentally friendly energy conversion option, since they do not interfere significantly with river flows and fit in well with the surroundings. The advantages of small hydropower plants are numerous and include grid stability, reduced land requirements, local and regional development and good opportunities for technologies export.

Even if there is no international consensus on the definition of SHP, a capacity of 10MW total is generally becoming accepted in Europe and is supported by the European Commission and the European Small Hydropower Association.

Construction and Working of Hydro Power Plant

In hydro power plant we use gravitational force of fluid water to run the turbine which is coupled with electric generator to produce electricity. This power plant plays an important role to protect our fossil fuel which is limited, because the generated electricity in hydro power station is the use of water which is renewable source of energy and available in lots of amount without any cost. Fundamental parts of hydro power plant are

a)         Area

b)         Dam

c)         Reservoir

d)         Penstock

e)         Turbine                       

f)         generators

 For construction of hydro power plant first we choose the area where the water is sufficient to reserve and no any crisis of water and suitable to build a dam, then we construct the dam. The main function of dam is to stop the flow of water and reserve the water in reservoir. Mainly dam is situated at a good height to increase the force of water. Reservoir stocks up lots of water which is employed to generate power by means of turbines. After that Penstock, the pipe which is connected between dam and turbine blades and most important purpose of the penstock is to enlarge the kinetic energy of water that’s why this pipe is made up of extremely well-built material which carry on the pressure of water. To control the pressure of water means increase or decrease water pressure whenever required, we use a valve. Storage tank comes in picture when the some reason the pressure of water in reservoir is decreases then we use storage tank it is directly connected to penstock and use only in emergency condition. After that we employ turbine and generator. Turbine is the main stuff, when water comes through the penstock with high kinetic energy and falls on turbine blades, turbine rotates at high speed. As we know that the turbine is an engine that transfers energy of fluid into mechanical energy which is coupled with generator and generator converts mechanical energy into electrical energy which we utilize at the end. In hydro power plant we also add switchgears and protections which control and protect the whole process inside the plant. The control equipments consists control circuits, control devices, warning, instrumentation etc and connect to main control board. After generating electricity at low voltage, we use step up transformer to enlarge the level of voltage (generally 132KV, 220KV, 400KV and above) as per our requirement. After that we transmit the electric power to the load center, and then we step down the voltage for industrial and large consumer and then again we step down the

voltage to distribute electricity at domestic level which we used at home.
This is the whole process of generating electricity by the means of hydro (hydro power plant) and then transmitting and distributing electricity.

                               

 CONCLUSION

Resulting output graph is exponentially decay. Different values of voltage are obtained and consequently current values are attained. It is obvious from the graph that voltage and current are inversely related with each other. 

 

   REFERENCES 

Ø  Electrical4u.com

Ø  Wikipedia